Principles, Practices, and Problems-The Pastoral Theology of St. John Chrysostom

The importance of this limited outline of the life of St. John Chrysostom is that it highlights the pastoral periods of his work within the context of the two metropolitan communities which he served. It also locates within these periods several of his major works which yield, upon examination, a wealth of material as well as many points of comparison concerning the rudiments of his pastoral theology

Shepherd, Sheep, and Goats; A Study in Old Testament Concepts and Imagery

The problem which this paper is concerned with, therefore, has to do with the meaning of flock imagery when itis applied to the nation of Israel, especially when Israelis compared to a goat or to a mixed flock of sheep and goats. Consequently, it is my purpose: (a) to examine the nature and composition of the flocks in the Old Testament; (b) to place a new emphasis on the nature, value, and necessity of goats as members of a flock; (c) to demonstrate the fact and significance of the combined flock, especially when it becomes a phrase which refers to the people of God; (d) to establish the significance of Yahweh as the Shepherd of Israel; (e) to point out the destiny of Israel in terms of the scattered and gathered flock of God; and (f) to show how the promised Messiah is portrayed as the Shepherd of God’s flock

Severability and Standing Puzzles in the Law of Removal Power

One of the “oldest and most venerable debates in U.S. constitutional law” concerns the President’s ability to fire executive branch officers. That debate shows little sign of subsiding. In recent years, the Supreme Court has decided a number of removal power cases that reflect an increasingly formalist turn. These cases have endorsed a version of the unitary executive theory and blessed the President’s ability to remove nominally independent officials. When it comes to questions of severability and remedy, however, the formalist majorities have fractured. Collins v. Yellen, decided in 2021, provides the most illuminating example. Justices Thomas and Gorsuch concurred with the holding that a statute restricting the President’s ability to fire an independent agency director violated the separation of powers. But they disagreed with each other on how to “sever” the removal provision from the statute and what remedy to provide for the violation. If the Court is interested in a broader constitutional audit of the administrative state, as the logic of its recent removal power jurisprudence suggests, the formalist bloc will at some point have to account for its internal differences. This Note argues that Justice Thomas’s approach is the right one and considers what might follow from it. Justice Thomas maintains that a validly appointed executive officer may exercise executive authority notwithstanding any unlawful for-cause removal protection. Because the Constitution automatically displaces any statute contrary to it, he contends, such removal protections never truly become law. And the proper remedy would not hold agency action unlawful per se, as Justice Gorsuch would have it. But bound up in this analysis are key implications for what the law is, what the judicial power is, and who gets to interpret the Constitution. This Note attempts to spell out those implications. Part I situates recent developments in the law of removal power, including Collins’s predecessor, the landmark case Seila Law LLC v. Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. This Note identifies where these cases leave the door open to future clarification or expansion of removal power doctrine. Part II examines Collins’s dueling concurrences between Justices Thomas and Gorsuch over severability and remedy and concludes that, as a formal matter, Justice Thomas has the better of the argument. Part III considers the possibility that if Justice Thomas is correct (and he is able to so persuade his colleagues), the Court may have to confront the possibility that private plaintiffs lack standing to bring removal power suits. Recent years have seen parties regulated by agencies bringing such suits, claiming harm from the agency’s purported independence. But even if a removal statute is unlawful in the abstract, it is questionable whether that statute’s unlawfulness makes any government action unlawful or gives rise to any injury. A better setting to consider the constitutionality of removal restrictions is the actual firing of a tenured officer by the President. As a corollary, Part IV argues, a President who subscribes to the unitary executive theory should more actively police independent agency officials. This would include removing them from office if necessary. The President has an independent duty to interpret the Constitution, and that duty includes defending presidential prerogatives from encroachment by Congress. If an officer contested his removal from office, the courts would have a cleaner case to decide. Such a case would not raise divisive questions of severability and remedy and would move past the disagreement between Justices Thomas and Gorsuch. The law of presidential removal power would be in a better place for it

Integrating Psychodynamic, Cognitive, and Interpersonal Therapies: A Biophysical Role Theory

A biopsychosocial role theory has been developed to integrate the mam findings of psychodynamic, cognitive, and interpersonal therapies. To function in a society, you must achieve a balance between your self-expectations and your performances, and your expectations of others and their performances. These expectations of self and others fall roughly into 16 biopsychosocial areas, or life vectors Imbalance between expectations and performance creates stress. When experiencing stress, you must either modify and negotiate expectations and performances with others, or through defense mechanisms and patterns of reaction, further compound your problems. Interview schedules structured according to this theory have been used to interview patients, parents, and spouses. Social summaries allow the respondents to identify their problems and provide them with a common structure, methodology, and language to resolve their differences of opinion, restructure their roles, and achieve their personal and interpersonal goals

F22RS SGCR 53 (SG Fee Referendum)

TO PLACE A REFERENDUM BEFORE THE LOUISIANA STATE UNIVERSITY STUDENT BODY IN THE FALL 2022 ELECTION TO AMEND THE SELF-ASSESSED STUDENT GOVERNMENT FEE TO $3.50 PER FULL TIME STUDEN

Locally Optimally-emitting Clouds and the Narrow Emission Lines in Seyfert Galaxies

The narrow emission line spectra of active galactic nuclei are not accurately described by simple photoionization models of single clouds. Recent Hubble Space Telescope images of Seyfert 2 galaxies show that these objects are rich with ionization cones, knots, filaments, and strands of ionized gas. Here we extend to the narrow line region the ``locally optimally emitting cloud'' (LOC) model, in which the observed spectra are predominantly determined by powerful selection effects. We present a large grid of photoionization models covering a wide range of physical conditions and show the optimal conditions for producing many of the strongest emission lines. We show that the integrated narrow line spectrum can be predicted by an integration of an ensemble of clouds, and we present these results in the form of diagnostic line ratio diagrams making comparisons with observations. We also predict key diagnostic line ratios as a function of distance from the ionizing source, and compare these to observations. The predicted radial dependence of the [O III]/[O II] ratio may be matched to the observed one in NGC4151, if the narrow line clouds see a more intense continuum than we see. The LOC scenario when coupled with a simple Keplerian gravitational velocity field will quite naturally predict the observed line width versus critical density relationship. The influence of dust within the ionized portion of the clouds is discussed and we show that the more neutral gas is likely to be dusty, although a high ionization dust-free region is most likely present too. This argues for a variety of NLR cloud origins.Comment: 29 pages plus 16 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Monitoring physiological responses to training and match play in adolescent footballers

Introduction: Recently, there has been a growing interest into the monitoring of training and match load and subsequent physiological responses adolescent footballers experience (Malone, 2014). Before a physical performance test can used as a monitoring tool, its reliability must be quantified (Thorpe et al., 2015). Therefore, the aims of this thesis are two-fold: 1) quantify the reliability of a number of physical performance tests and 2) using the same physical performance tests quantify physiological responses to load over acute and chronic training periods. Methodogly: First the reliability of eccentric hamstring strength, isometric adductor strength and linear sprint tests were quantified, in a cohort of adolescent footballers (n = 37). Secondly training and match load was recorded over a 4-week period in another group of adolescent footballers (n = 10). Measures of lower body strength and speed were recorded prior to the start of every training session and match. Results: Acceptable levels of reliability were found for at least one metric of the three physical performance tests. An increase greater than the typical error of the test in eccentric hamstring strength was found after a 4-week training period but despite variations in load, no changes in lower body strength and speed were recorded between training sessions and matches. Discussion: Eccentric hamstring strength, long lever isometric adductor strength and 30-metre sprint performance are reliable tests to assess adolescent footballers. However, these measures are not be sensitive enough to detect true changes in performance in relation to variations in training and match load. Alternative methods must be established that quantify the physiological responses to load experienced by adolescent footballers

Interaction of host and viral microRNAs with infectious laryngotracheitis virus transcripts

Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus (ILTV) is an Alphaherpesvirus of the domesticated chicken and other economically important fowl such as pheasants, peafowl and turkeys. It causes an upper respiratory disease that is clinically characterised by dyspnoea, rales and expulsion of a thick, sometimes hemorrhagic, tracheal exudate. Incidences of mortality range from 10 – 70 % whilst morbidity ranges from 50 – 100 %. The disease causes significant financial losses to the poultry industry through bird death, stunted growth and a marked decrease in egg production. Due to its economic importance, attenuated live-vaccines have been developed by serial passage of virus either in eggs or tissue culture. These have the ability to protect birds against ILTV however they do not stop latent infection which can result in reactivation of the virus termed ‘vaccinal laryngotracheitis’. The molecular biology underlying virus-host interactions for ILTV is poorly understood and there are large gaps in knowledge regarding the pathogenesis of ILTV infection. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNAs that post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression through targeting of specific mRNAs. Several herpesviruses have been shown to encode miRNAs that have the ability to regulate both viral and cellular gene expression which can impact virus-host interactions. Previous work in the literature has shown that ILTV encodes for 10 miRNAs with sparse data on what they may be regulating. It was hypothesised that the virus-encoded miRNAs may have an effect upon the pathogenesis of the virus by targeting both cellular and viral mRNAs. To investigate this hypothesis initially, the biochemical technique CLASH (Cross-Linking and Sequencing of Hybrids) was attempted however a lack of suitable reagents such as physiologically relevant cell lines of chicken origin made this technically challenging and this approach was halted. Instead, a bioinformatic approach was developed and split into two avenues of research. Firstly, it was hypothesised that miRNAs encoded by ILTV would target virally derived transcripts. As the virus genome is poorly annotated, transcripts for all 79 open reading frames (ORFs) were created manually using an arbitrary system of 1000 bp upstream of the ATG start site and 50 bp downstream of the designated PolyA tail. These were then fed into the online algorithm RNA Hybrid alongside sequences for all 10 virus-encoded miRNAs. Results from the bioinformatic predictions were then sorted and filtered using pre-defined conditions. This left a total of 227 predicted interactions. These were then filtered again leaving 28 novel targets that were screened in a reporter based system. Three of the predicted interactions showed a decrease in luciferase-reporter activity compared to the siRNA control (UL24, UL29 and UL46/48), however only the latter two showed statistically significant decreases in activity of 15 % and 20 % respectively. Mutation of the seed sequences in both UL29 and UL46/48 targets abrogated the effects of the miRNA mimic. Further work on UL29 and its interaction with ILTV-miR-I2 looked at validating this interaction by western blotting however these results were inconclusive. Investigations into the interaction between UL46/48 and ILTV-miR-I6-5p first confirmed by RT-PCR that UL46 was targeted by ILTV-miR-I6-5p. Validation of the interaction between UL46 and ILTV-miR-I6-5p by western blotting was inconclusive. Investigations into the interplay between UL46, UL48 and the ICP4 promoter were also characterised with UL46 able to negatively modulate the effects of UL48 on ICP4 promoter activity in a reporter-based system. Secondly, the same viral transcripts were then used in conjunction with high confidence chicken miRNAs as per MiRBase (Release 21, Jun 2014). The sorting and filtering of results mirrored that of the viral transcript study giving a final list of 103 predicted targets. From the list, three targets were picked that were all targeted by the cellular miRNA ggamiR- 133a-3p and tested using the same reporter system. Two targets, one in UL20 and one in the coding region of ICP4 showed no statistical difference between the miRNA mimic and siRNA control. In contrast, one target, located in the 5’UTR of ICP4 and confirmed by RTPCR to be within the expressed mRNA transcript was found to cause a 55 % reduction in luciferase activity. This effect was then abrogated upon mutation of the miRNA seed sequence. Further investigations found that this miRNA can cause an apparent reduction in virus titer and a statistically significant decrease in plaque size morphology when virus is harvested from cells transfected with the miRNA mimic and used to infect naïve cells. Moreover, a combination RT-qPCR and sequencing was used to confirm the sequence of gga-miR-133a-3p in several tissues of the chicken including the Dorsal Root Ganglia (DRG) and Harderian gland (HG). These are of importance to ILTV biology as the DRG is a site of latent infection and the HG is a secondary lymphoid organ (SLO) in the bird which monitors the upper respiratory tract, the site of lytic replication/clinical symptoms. Finally, CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing was used to delete a cluster of five miRNAs from the viral genome. Guide RNAs (sgRNAs) were designed to target the miRNA cluster and shown to efficiently direct cleavage of target DNA in an in vitro system. Following transfection/infection of cells, virus was harvested and subsequent sequencing showed that this approach was successful in creating a recombinant ILTV. This was detectable after passage of the virus through naïve cells although a pure population of recombinant virus was not obtained due to a lack of time